Scientific Publications

In the gait experiment, 19 healthy college students aged 18–21 years (10 male and 9 female) completed six over-ground walks covering a distance of four meters at self-determined slow, medium, and fast speeds in a motion-capture laboratory. Hexoskin supplied tri-axial acceleration at 64 Hz; its other sensor data were not analyzed. The experiment compared the eyeglass-camera system and the body-worn accelerometer with 20-camera optical motion capture for classifying gait speed. Separately, the dissertation describes a video-based Fuzzy Inference System that uses video features and identified objects to classify activities.

This study developed a method for examining time-resolved biometrics in relation to climbing strategy, technique, and position on an indoor wall. Continuous Hexoskin measurements and smartphone video were time-matched so heart rate, breathing rate, minute ventilation, and hip acceleration could be viewed at specific positions along the route. An interactive interface supported review of biometric changes at key events and calculation of summary statistics. The illustrated demonstration was a 530 s (8:50, min:sec) lead climb on a 16.8 m (55 ft) indoor wall.

Abid and colleagues investigated inter-subject human-activity recognition from acceleration data collected with a Hexoskin shirt. They compared three classification pipelines based on handcrafted features with ReliefF and SVM, LDA with KNN, and a multivariate CNN, then combined them in an ensemble for ten static, dynamic and hazardous activities. The ensemble reported weighted-average precision, recall and F1 scores of about 99%, while parallel processing shortened segmentation and GPU execution accelerated the CNN under the reported setup.

This single-participant preprint evaluated a peak-space motion-artifact cancellation method for waist textile ECG during outdoor walking and jogging. A 54-year-old man completed four sessions on different days, each with approximately 20–25 minutes of walking and jogging. Hexoskin chest ECG served as the reference for waist ECG recorded with a Zephyr Bioharness.

Ahmed and colleagues developed InterViewR to address limitations in digital interview training for individuals with Autism by combining an immersive virtual-reality interview with a Hexoskin smart shirt. Hexoskin captured RR intervals and breathing rate so the platform could present real-time affective feedback and help users recognize stress during different parts of an interview. The user evaluation examined feasibility, usability, and perceived usefulness, and the authors reported that the mixed-reality platform elicited genuine stress responses while providing coherent feedback on interview skills.

This single-participant case report examined DFA a1, a nonlinear heart-rate-variability index, during cycling in a 62-year-old male recreational cyclist. It compared progressive five-minute intervals with and without 25 mg Atenolol and longer 10-minute intervals near the first ventilatory threshold. Hexoskin supplied heart-rate and R–R interval recordings, which were analyzed alongside ventilation and cycling workload.

Ten professional golfers completed 3-metre putting tasks under control, lavender, citrus, and ammonia conditions. A Hexoskin biometric shirt recorded heart-rate changes, while a force plate measured centre-of-pressure area. Olfactory inhalation produced no significant difference in putting success or heart rate, but postural-stability differences were significant in the address, downswing, and total putting sections.

This protocol describes an exploratory single-subject study of yoga therapy after cancer treatment. Twenty-five adults were recruited and six dropouts were reported. The program comprised one individual yoga-therapy session and six weekly group sessions, with seven assessments from baseline through follow-up. Hexoskin shirts recorded ECG and respiratory data at assessment visits, and hierarchical linear modeling was planned for heart-rate variability and patient-reported outcomes. The publication reports a protocol rather than efficacy results.

Six adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease completed stair-stepping tests before and after bronchodilator treatment while wearing Hexoskin. Researchers compared the shirt with a Vmax metabolic cart; poor shirt signal quality excluded one participant from the main analysis. Tidal volume, minute ventilation and respiratory rate correlated between devices, but inspiratory capacity and inspiratory reserve volume did not. Changes after bronchodilator treatment did not correlate significantly between devices.

This exploratory single-subject study analyzed 20 of 25 enrolled adults after cancer treatment. Participants received one individual yoga-therapy session and six weekly small-group sessions, with patient-reported fatigue, anxiety, cognitive function, depression, stress, and quality of life measured across phases. Hierarchical linear modeling compared changes over time. The article reports preliminary patient-reported outcomes rather than garment-derived physiological findings.

This exploratory study combined psychological surveys with Hexoskin HRV monitoring in Australian early childhood educators. One hundred educators were recruited, and 68 had usable physiological data after cleaning. A common four-hour window from 10:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. was analyzed across work shifts; it was not a uniform total wear duration.

This exploratory study followed four healthy young cyclists aged 25–37 years in Montreal over five days to examine traffic-related particulate-matter and noise exposure alongside pre- and post-cycling cardiac measures. Hexoskin supplied continuous ECG during 40-minute sitting periods and minute ventilation used with Aeroqual pollutant concentrations to estimate inhaled dose. Bayesian models analyzed 255 five-minute RR-interval segments.

MacQuarrie and colleagues compared Astroskin with the hospital-grade corpuls3 monitor in 24 participants during a seated 22-minute session; 19 returned for a second seated session. Heart rate and systolic blood pressure showed low error, strong concordance, and comparable between-session reliability. Oxygen-saturation error was low, but concordance and reliability were weaker, identifying SpO2 sensor placement and performance across a wider physiological range as areas for further study.

Five orthopaedic surgeons wore Hexoskin garments during 179 joint-replacement operations to examine physiological workload across simple primary, conversion/complex primary, and revision knee and hip arthroplasty. The garment-derived outcomes were heart rate, minute ventilation, and energy expenditure. The patient case counts and demographics describe the operations, not the five monitored surgeons.

Sherman's system-safety study examined a crawling training device used by East Alabama fire departments, where reducing training-related injury risk was the central objective. The analysis proposed Hexoskin for remote physiological monitoring alongside infrared cameras and modeled it as a failsafe in the simulator fault tree. The model estimated that these additions would reduce the failure-mode detection score to 4 and the risk-priority number from 144 to 72; this was a modeled result, not a prospective validation with firefighter trainees.

Using Hexoskin thoracic and abdominal respiratory movement, this preliminary study developed five breathing gestures as inputs for a game-like Android application. Seven users tested the gestures and rated the experience an average 9 out of 10. The study identified the need for more personalized detection and calibration to accommodate individual breathing patterns.

Alizadeh and colleagues used a 77 GHz frequency-modulated continuous-wave radar in a bedroom setting to estimate breathing and heart rates from a person lying on a bed. Hexoskin served as the wearable reference sensor for both measures. Radar estimates correlated 94% with Hexoskin breathing rate and 80% with Hexoskin heart rate under the reported conditions, so these results evaluate the radar rather than establish a new Hexoskin accuracy estimate.

This study examined how intolerance of uncertainty and task appraisal relate to stress and performance in RCMP law-enforcement students. Participants completed questionnaires and simulated emergency-driving and use-of-force tasks. Hexoskin recorded heart rate as a measure of physiological arousal.

Alizadeh and colleagues developed a contactless MIMO-radar system to monitor breathing and sleep position for two adjacent bedbound subjects at a time. The study reports three experimental rounds with two subjects per round, but it does not state that these were six distinct people. Hexoskin served as the breathing-rate reference. The radar reached 97% overall breathing-rate accuracy, a maximum RMSE of 1.7 breaths/min and more than 83% correct sleep-position detection under the reported conditions.

Researchers used Hexoskin vests and Actigraph watches to collect physiological and movement data for classifying self-reported classroom stress in five undergraduates. They compared several machine-learning approaches, including models that preserved the timing of observations. A temporal random-forest analysis with a 30-day sliding training window reported about 92% median accuracy and F1, but performance was weaker when person-specific models were tested on a later semester. The small, demographically narrow sample limits generalization.

This study evaluated whether machine-learning models developed with wearable data from controlled conditions could extend to real-world anxiety detection in young adults. Hexoskin contributed ECG, respiration, and 3-axis acceleration data within a multimodal system that also used an E4 wristband. XGBoost and Decision Tree performed strongly when models were trained and tested on the same subsets, whereas Random Forest led transfer learning in calibration and in-lab settings and SVM led for in-the-wild data. The findings show that environmental noise, multimodal signal contributions, and the balance of feature importance affect model robustness and transferability.

This thesis combined a health survey, field monitoring, a fitness substudy and laboratory validation to examine paramedic health and work demands. In the field study, Hexoskin recorded heart rate, respiratory rate, physical activity, energy expenditure and steps during 232 shifts completed by 32 paramedics. A separate laboratory study compared Hexoskin heart-rate and respiratory-rate measurements with standard measurements during cycling. Participant counts and results belong to distinct study components and should not be combined.

This thesis evaluated how human-activity-recognition models performed when wearable hardware or recording sessions changed, using Astroskin and Zephyr BioHarness accelerometer data collected from the author as the sole participant in a home setting after COVID-19 restrictions prevented the planned research. An Astroskin-trained model dropped from 99.07% accuracy on Astroskin data to 65.74% on BioHarness data, while another model declined from 99.57% to 50.95% when tested in a different Astroskin recording session. A separate out-of-domain discriminator identified data from unfamiliar hardware or recording sessions with 97.60% accuracy. The thesis proposes this discriminator as a warning when incoming sensor data no longer match a model’s training conditions, but the one-person home experiment does not establish broader performance.

A randomized, double-blind crossover trial enrolled 23 girls aged 6–12 years with Rett syndrome. Participants received five days of oral ketamine or placebo, followed by a nine-day washout and the alternate treatment; the studied doses were 0.75 or 1.5 mg/kg per dose, given twice daily. Hexoskin contributed daily activity, sleep, heart and lung-function data as exploratory measures. The primary outcome was safety and tolerability.

Amelard and colleagues used Hexoskin smart-shirt cardiorespiratory signals and reference oxygen-uptake measurements from a metabolic system in 22 healthy young adults completing cycle-ergometer protocols. A temporal convolutional network modeled dynamic oxygen uptake across exercise intensities. The predicted oxygen uptake classified light, moderate and vigorous activity second by second with 94.1% accuracy across 16,090 seconds. The authors describe the approach as a path toward quantitative aerobic-activity monitoring outside the laboratory when combined with tidal-volume and heart-rate-reserve calibration.

Nine male stock-car drivers were monitored during a competitive NASCAR event in hot conditions. Hexoskin continuously recorded heart rate during the racing session, while separate instruments measured core and skin temperature and environmental conditions. The study described hydration and physiological strain during a short race; it did not test whether these changes affected driving performance.

Côté-Bélisle explored Hexoskin-supported biofeedback for emotional regulation and emotional awareness in young men with ADHD. Participants used heart-rate and breathing-rate reports to identify physiological-arousal surges and connect them with everyday emotional experiences. Both completers later reported greater competence in identifying, understanding, and managing their emotions.

This prototype compared two inverse-kinematics algorithms for augmented-reality digital twins of manual-handling tasks. Motion-capture joint positions served as the reference for avatar-joint error. Participants also wore a Hexoskin Shirt and Smart Device to supply heart rate, breathing rate and calorie data for the broader fatigue-analysis setup, but the study did not report a biometric or fatigue-detection validation.

This paper reviews physiological monitoring aboard the International Space Station and describes Astroskin in the context of a student proposal for a space medical center. The proposed center would link crew monitoring with physician support.

This engineering paper proposes a way to combine Bio-Monitor recordings with other astronaut health data and transmit them through space data relays. It describes how the service could support monitoring beyond low Earth orbit.

This dissertation examined associations between resting-state amygdala–ventromedial prefrontal cortex connectivity and emotional distress in daily life using functional MRI and 14 days of ecological momentary assessment. Thirty-two women completed the procedures; three left-handed participants were excluded from all analyses, leaving 29 right-handed women, and two participants with low random-prompt compliance were further excluded from momentary analyses, leaving 27. Right amygdala–ventromedial prefrontal cortex connectivity was associated with sadness instability and a behavioral-dysregulation composite, while overall mean negative affect and overall affective instability were not significantly associated with connectivity. Participants wore Hexoskin while awake to collect cardiac activity, respiration and accelerometry, but the dissertation explicitly excluded all physiological data from its analyses and reports no Hexoskin physiological results.

This thesis developed data-driven models that estimate the full blood-pressure waveform from electrocardiogram and photoplethysmography signals and attach an uncertainty measure to each estimate. Astroskin supplied electrocardiogram and photoplethysmography signals for both study components and tri-axial acceleration for daily-activity monitoring. The daily-activity study used Portapres as the blood-pressure reference, while the cycling study used NOVA from Finapres Medical Systems; reference-device failures excluded six of 18 cycling participants, leaving 12 for analysis. The studies used distinct participant groups, so their results remain tied to their individual protocols.

Researchers used Astroskin ECG data to test a method for generating synthetic signals that combine features of wearable recordings with patterns from clinical ECGs. The study compared the generated signals with those from a model trained on mean squared error alone.

This study developed a mobile human-activity-recognition application using three-axis acceleration from a Hexoskin garment. The classifier was evaluated on data from 40 healthy volunteers who repeated 10 activities and achieved 95.4% overall accuracy with a support vector machine under leave-one-subject-out testing. Home cardiac rehabilitation was the intended application, but no rehabilitation patients or clinical outcomes were evaluated.

Saini evaluated machine-learning and deep-learning models for human-activity recognition using participant-labeled Hexoskin data. Models trained with Capture24 were tested on Hexoskin data for activities including walking and sleeping. The conclusion reports 98.4% accuracy for an LSTM configuration that did not require manual feature engineering to distinguish walking from sleeping. The thesis presents healthcare use as a future possibility rather than a demonstrated clinical benefit.

This thesis contains two separate human studies. A 42-minute cooling-garment test involved 19 male completers and evaluated a liquid-carbon-dioxide system in a hot, humid chamber. A second study compared Hexoskin and Polar H7 heart-rate measurements in 12 male volunteers during a 28-minute cycling protocol under moderate and hot, humid conditions. Cooling outcomes came from separate Polar H10 and thermometer measurements.

Apparicio and colleagues monitored three healthy male cyclists over five dry days in Delhi while modeling road-level noise and nitrogen-dioxide exposure. Hexoskin measured heart rate, breathing rate and minute ventilation; minute ventilation was combined with Aeroqual nitrogen-dioxide concentration to estimate inhaled dose. For one hour of cycling under moderate predicted pollution, estimated noise dose was 212% on residential streets and 459% on primary roads, while estimated inhaled nitrogen dioxide was 403 µg and 482 µg, respectively.

A single-site pilot compared physiological stress in 16 pediatric emergency physicians during real emergency-department resuscitations and a one-hour virtual-reality session. Across 69 monitored shifts and 31 resuscitations, heart-rate and salivary-cortisol increases were larger in real events, while perceived workload was higher in virtual reality. Hexoskin measured heart rate; cortisol and workload were separate measures.

Pelgröm used Hexoskin thoracic and abdominal respiratory-inductance signals to compare breathing coordination during maximal cycling in 12 people with asthma and 15 healthy controls. The study introduced BPratio, describing the balance between tidal volume and breathing frequency, and Ldis, a measure of thoraco-abdominal asynchrony. Most participants increased breathing depth before breathing frequency, while 33% of the asthma group accelerated breathing earlier in the workload. Deviant Ldis patterns were more common in asthma and were associated with reduced performance or greater post-exercise dyspnoea.

This planned secondary analysis followed 21 pediatric emergency-medicine providers over 91 eight-hour shifts. Hexoskin recorded heart rate under work clothes, while salivary cortisol was sampled separately at scheduled points. Shifts with a preceding event had higher heart rate and cortisol at midshift and end-shift than shifts without an event.

Thirteen healthy volunteers each repeated 10 physical activities five times while wearing a Hexoskin garment with a waist-level accelerometer. The study classified these activities plus an unknown transition class using k-nearest-neighbor and support-vector-machine models. Overall test accuracy was 96.37% for the k-nearest-neighbor model and 95.4% for the support-vector-machine model under a random sample-level split.

Thirty-two adults with COPD or interstitial lung disease completed randomized four-minute treadmill tests with fan-to-face, fan-to-leg and no-fan conditions. Two participants could not wear the Hexoskin shirt and three more had unusable software data, leaving usable Hexoskin physiological data for 27 participants. Fan-to-face reduced breathlessness by 0.5 Borg units versus no fan but did not outperform fan-to-leg; ventilation, breathing pattern, heart rate and blood oxygen saturation did not differ across conditions. Clinically meaningful reductions of at least one Borg unit occurred in 31% of the full sample and 45% of the more-breathless exploratory subgroup under fan-to-face versus no fan.

The study compared Hexoskin heart rate, breathing rate and estimated ventilation with simultaneous laboratory references during a progressive maximal-exercise test. Results were reported for 28 healthy participants. Heart-rate and breathing-rate measurements generally showed high agreement, while estimated-ventilation results varied too widely for a firm validity conclusion.

In a controlled dust chamber, the study monitored particulate matter and inhalation rate across 15 construction activities and materials. Alphasense OPC-N3 sensors measured PM1, PM2.5 and PM10, while a Hexoskin wearable supplied inhalation-rate measurements. The authors used these measurements in a hazard-index model; the results do not represent disease incidence or demonstrate risk reduction at real construction sites.

In controlled dust-chamber simulations, this study combined real-time inhalation-rate data with particulate-matter and toxic-substance measurements to model construction-activity health risks. Hexoskin measured inhalation rate, Alphasense OPC-N3 sensors measured particulate matter, and MiniVol sampling supported toxic-substance analysis. The resulting indices are modeled hazard estimates, not observed disease rates or evidence of reduced exposure.

Researchers tested whether recognizing a person’s activity from an ECG before verifying identity improved biometric performance. They analyzed two public datasets, including ECG recorded with a Hexoskin Hx1 in the Vollmer dataset. Classifying activity first generally improved verification compared with using the ECG directly; a Naïve Bayes verifier generally produced lower equal-error rates than a decision tree.

This study used a Hexoskin-derived dataset containing heart rate, breathing rate, minute ventilation, cadence and activity to build forecasting and action-state models. Random-forest and XGBoost models predicted heart and breathing rates up to 25 minutes ahead. A separate hardware prototype converted sustained predicted drops or spikes into haptic and sound alerts; the study did not demonstrate clinical or safety outcomes.

This study investigated activity-aware electrocardiogram biometric verification using deep learning on wearable devices. It used ECG-only models in a framework designed to work with different device types, including a Hexoskin smart shirt with textile sensors. Activity-aware verification generally outperformed direct verification, although performance varied widely across image representations, window lengths and model settings.

Researchers built a digital twin of an industrial assembly task using physiological measurements from a Hexoskin vest, camera images and movement data from instrumented gloves. The prototype used these inputs to model movement and fatigue signals and trigger feedback. The authors observed unrealistic changes in simulated biometrics and avatar movement, limiting what the simulation can establish about workers.

This preliminary study compared infant heart-rate and heart-rate-variability measures derived from electrocardiogram and RR-interval files after 5–10-minute resting recordings at one month of age. Researchers used a Hexoskin Shirt Junior, custom conversion scripts and Kubios software. Results differed for one variability measure, and only heart rate and low-frequency power were significantly correlated between file types.

Baig and colleagues combined Hexoskin cardiac, respiratory, and activity measurements with blood glucose, demographics, clinical rules, and a knowledge base in an adaptive neuro-fuzzy model for early detection of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. The approach was evaluated longitudinally in two people using 7.25 hours of real-time data and reported 91% accuracy, 94% sensitivity, 90% specificity, and 91% agreement with clinical assessment. The results support further evaluation of individualized wearable monitoring, while the two-person test limits generalizability.

A single surgeon performed 26 direct-anterior total hip replacements with manual femoral broaching and 20 with a battery-powered automated system. Hexoskin-derived surgeon energy expenditure, heart rate and minute ventilation were compared during broaching. The automated method was associated with shorter broaching time and lower measured physiological demand in this observational, single-surgeon comparison.

Baig and colleagues combined Hexoskin vital-sign and activity measurements with blood glucose, demographics, clinical guidelines, and a knowledge base in an adaptive neuro-fuzzy model for early detection of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. The model was trained with data from 36 participants and tested longitudinally in two people. It reported 91% overall Kappa agreement and included a descriptive two-year follow-up.

Banerjee and colleagues evaluated Hexoskin as a prospective unobtrusive monitoring platform for dementia care, first validating cadence in four healthy adults across rest, walking, running, and sprinting. Cadence changed in the expected order across the four activity states. This preliminary validation did not test people with dementia.

This study developed a logistic-regression model to estimate manufacturing-operator engagement from respiration and acceleration data collected with Hexoskin. Under leave-one-out cross-validation, the model reported 80.95% accuracy. The prototype displayed engagement on a continuous color gradient calibrated to the range observed in its training data.

Banerjee and colleagues evaluated Hexoskin against laboratory reference measures in 31 adults aged 65 years or older, including participants with mobility impairment, cognitive impairment, both, or neither. Processed cadence, respiration rate, and heart rate showed useful agreement with their references, while minute ventilation and short-duration activity level did not. The findings support selective longitudinal monitoring in older adults and emphasize signal-specific validation before dementia-management use.

Twenty-two participants completed manual and fully automated snowshoe-assembly tasks while wearing Hexoskin for physiological data collection. Those data were used to build the Optimal State Deviation Index for estimating engagement. The model reported 80.95% test accuracy under leave-one-out cross-validation. A separate prototype displayed engagement through a color gradient as part of an iterative biocybernetic-feedback design.

Five high-volume surgeons were monitored with Hexoskin during 144 consecutive total hip arthroplasties: 67 direct-anterior and 77 posterior procedures. Direct-anterior cases were shorter but were associated with higher surgeon stress index, heart rate and minute ventilation. This observational comparison concerns surgeon physiology and does not establish patient outcomes or that surgical approach caused the differences.

Barker and colleagues used Hexoskin's hip-mounted tri-axial accelerometer to compare seven male acrobats' trampoline performances across training and shows. Training produced higher average, RMS, and RM4 acceleration, whereas perceived exertion was higher during shows and time in defined acceleration ranges did not differ significantly. The study positions wearable inertial measurement as a practical workload-management tool for theatre and arena performances where GPS is inoperable.

Nine healthy young men completed four randomly ordered exercise sessions in hot, dry conditions. Each session included seated rest, 60 minutes of semi-recumbent cycling at a fixed metabolic heat production and 60 minutes of recovery. Comparisons found no evidence that Hexoskin, worn alone or under a work uniform, impaired whole-body heat dissipation under the tested conditions.

This master’s thesis compared Hexoskin with a Vmax metabolic cart during incremental and constant-workload cycling in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Fourteen participants wore the shirt; seven contributed to the assessment of change after pulmonary rehabilitation. Heart rate and breathing rate changed with exercise, without significant device or device-by-time effects across the three tests. The findings for tidal volume and inspiratory capacity were less consistent.

Twelve Division I collegiate athletes completed graded treadmill tests while wearing an N95 respirator, a cloth mask or no face covering. Hexoskin continuously measured heart rate and breathing rate. Exercise lasted longer without a face covering; heart-rate slopes were similar across conditions, while breathing rate increased more steeply without a covering than with a cloth mask.

Beltrame and colleagues monitored 13 healthy active men with Hexoskin for about six hours per day over four days to study aerobic-system dynamics during unsupervised daily activity. Hexoskin cardiac, respiratory and movement features were used to predict free-living oxygen uptake and derive aerobic-system dynamics. The predicted daily-life temporal measure correlated with the directly measured laboratory measure at r=0.82 (p<0.001).

A field study monitored 32 paramedics with Hexoskin around work shifts and emergency calls, recording heart rate, respiratory rate and occupational acceleration. Fourteen also completed maximal cardiorespiratory fitness testing. The study examined how posting, body mass, call characteristics and fitness were associated with physiological responses during paramedic work.

Beltrame and colleagues evaluated oxygen-uptake prediction in 16 healthy active men during controlled random-paced walking and approximately 20 minutes of simulated daily activities. Hexoskin cardiac, respiratory, and motion features supplied the wearable inputs, while a COSMED K4b2 system provided the directly measured oxygen-uptake reference. The findings support prediction under the tested activity conditions and identify the need for further reliability testing before broader application.

Sixteen participants completed 20-minute standardized data-entry tasks in an active chair and a conventional chair. A metabolic cart measured oxygen uptake and ventilation, while Hexoskin measured heart rate and heart-rate variability. On average, active sitting increased oxygen uptake by 0.02 L/min and energy expenditure by 1.5 kcal per 15 minutes, with substantial individual variation.

This study used Hexoskin as a reference sensor to evaluate non-contact breathing-rate estimation with a frequency-modulated continuous-wave radar. A nonlinear least-squares estimator was compared with discrete Fourier transform and frequency-time phase-regression approaches in static, texting, and typing conditions. The proposed method produced high within-one-breath-per-minute accuracy in the laboratory tests.

Eight crew members wore an Astroskin prototype during two 30-day missions in NASA’s ground-based Human Exploration Research Analog. The team assessed wake and sleep recordings, exercise monitoring, and how easily crew could use the system.

Bennett and colleagues evaluated whether thermal video could recover heart rate using adaptive Eulerian Video Magnification. A seated subject wore a Hexoskin smart shirt to provide the ECG reference while light and thermal cameras recorded simultaneously. Wide-band processing identified a chest region of interest, and narrow-band thermal processing produced an oscillation at 0.9 Hz, matching the ECG frequency of about 54 beats/min. The proof of concept supports further study of contactless physiological-signal extraction but does not establish validation across people or conditions.

This doctoral thesis examined whether Hexoskin respiratory measurements were stable enough for monitoring changes in lung volume. Researchers used a torso simulator to test the shirts’ response to changes in temperature and circumference. A separate experiment compared shirt measurements with spirometry during seven everyday tasks in 15 healthy adults. The human experiment did not establish accuracy in patients with COPD.

Bennett and colleagues used Hexoskin to monitor ECG-derived beat intervals and heart-rate variability during 1.5- to 2.5-hour League of Legends and Overwatch sessions. The results describe 19 male players across two cohorts, while the limitations describe n=10 and two device failures, leaving an unresolved internal count discrepancy. Winning-team mean SDRR was lower, but substantial individual variability and missing high-resolution gameplay context prevented a confident link between heart-rate variability and performance.

Betson and colleagues narratively reviewed approaches for quantifying threat-or-challenge responses among undergraduate paramedicine students during high-stress clinical scenarios. The review is motivated by the mental, physical, and emotional demands of paramedicine practice. Within its survey of cardiovascular measurement options, the review identifies Hexoskin as a portable technology for monitoring cardiovascular responses.

Twenty-five healthy adults completed 30-minute pickleball-doubles and self-paced walking sessions on the same day in counterbalanced order. Hexoskin provided heart rate, step count and movement-based caloric-expenditure estimates. Pickleball produced higher heart rate, estimated caloric expenditure, perceived exertion and enjoyment, while walking produced more steps.

Birdee and colleagues conducted a 12-week randomized, single-blinded trial comparing extended-exhale and equal-ratio slow breathing. The abstract reports 100 participants, while the article body reports 99 enrolled, 97 in the intention-to-treat analysis and 94 with complete data. Participants wore Hexoskin shirts during home practice to assess adherence to the assigned breathing ratios. Slow breathing reduced PROMIS Anxiety within both groups, while neither strategy significantly changed heart-rate variability and the between-group differences were nonsignificant.

One Canadian military section commander wore Hexoskin during a reserve-unit field exercise in British Columbia. The report describes 30 hours of continuous recording and a Bluetooth field test during a simulated mass-casualty event. The wearer reported comfort, no interference with duties and no apparent equipment failure during the exercise.

Bishnoi and Hernandez examined how heart-rate reserve was associated with prefrontal-cortex activation and gait during increasingly difficult Trail Walking Tasks. Heart-rate reserve was calculated from baseline resting heart rate and a formula-based maximum, while Hexoskin recorded heart-rate responses during the walking tasks and fNIRS measured brain activation. Higher heart-rate reserve was associated with greater prefrontal activation and shorter stride time, while stride width and stride length showed no significant heart-rate-reserve or task effects.

Nine law-enforcement trainees aged 21 to 31 completed one-screen and five-screen use-of-force simulator conditions. Multimodal sensors tracked cognitive-workload biomarkers, with Hexoskin supplying heart and respiratory rates. Under higher immersion, prefrontal oxygenation and heart rate increased, while respiratory rate decreased. The findings support feasibility in this preliminary setting but require confirmation in a larger sample.

The study used Hexoskin nocturnal sleep features to forecast seizure days in 78 hospitalized people with epilepsy. Support-vector-machine models normalized features to reference nights and evaluated 16-hour and 24-hour horizons with nested leave-one-patient-out cross-validation. The authors reported improvement over chance for some patients and called for longer recordings in residential settings.

Runners used real-time Hexoskin breathing feedback during treadmill running through three visual displays: ambient Trees, directional Arrows and a continuous Path. Speeds were adjusted individually in a sport-science laboratory. Interviews, body maps and questionnaires described different ways participants perceived, adapted to and interacted with the breathing visualizations.

Bläsing and colleagues simultaneously compared Hexoskin Hx1 with four other wearable ECG devices in 13 adults across four five-minute phases: rest, walking, cognitive workload and uphill walking. They assessed local ECG noise, QRS detection and RR-interval quality with morphSQ and a modified Smith-Waterman approach. Hexoskin achieved 91.33% sufficient morphological signal quality overall and a QRS positive predictive value of 0.989. Signal quality was highest at rest and during the standing two-back task and lower during level and uphill walking, showing that performance depended on the activity.

In an observational study, 44 healthy adults wore a Hexoskin garment while performing prompted coughs and other respiratory tasks in supine and seated positions. A random-forest model using the garment’s acceleration and respiratory-inductance features reported an F1 score of 93.0 ± 1.1%, precision of 84.2 ± 4.2% and sensitivity of 95.5 ± 1.6%. Patient monitoring was proposed as future work.

The study used electrocardiogram signals recorded by sensors embedded in a Hexoskin shirt to classify heart-rate recovery in 38 participants after exercise. Groups were defined using the cohort median recovery value of 28 beats/min, and a support-vector classifier reported an area under the curve of 86%. The cohort-relative labels are not a clinical diagnosis or externally validated risk threshold.

Schneider evaluated gait analysis from a wearable camera embedded in glasses and a Hexoskin accelerometer vest. Four participants supplied the initial video-only validation data, and five participants completed an additional treadmill collection at five speeds from 2.0 to 3.5 mph with both sensors. Computer-vision and signal-processing methods recovered walking pace in the controlled treadmill setting, and Hexoskin acceleration features were related to treadmill-derived gait speed. The author reported that one sensor could support parametric gait analysis in this setting, while retaining both could provide richer data.

This nursing field study used Hexoskin shirts to record raw electrocardiogram data for heart-rate-variability analysis during morning shifts and assessed whether the measures could help describe stressful events. The analysis also considered physical activity and the ambiguity of low-strain periods. Its findings caution against treating heart-rate-variability patterns as a direct label for breaks or stress.

This exploratory study used Hexoskin respiratory-inductance signals from four healthy women to examine time-frequency measures of paradoxical breathing during sitting and lying simulations with different airway resistances and a weighted vest. Outcomes included phase angle, gain and coherence. The small awake simulation was not a diagnostic study in patients with sleep apnea, asthma or obesity.

Researchers benchmarked 12 open-source QRS-detection algorithms and a downstream RR-interval editing step using single-lead Hexoskin ECG from 13 healthy adults performing several activities. The comparison used a 100 ms matching tolerance and included added baseline, muscle and electrode-motion noise. It was an algorithm benchmark rather than a clinical diagnostic or patient-outcome study.

Ten male elite cyclists completed two progressive cycling tests to exhaustion 3–4 days apart. Hexoskin heart rate, breathing frequency and estimated minute ventilation were compared with laboratory measurements. Heart rate and breathing frequency showed strong agreement through most work-rate stages, while ventilation estimates were less accurate, particularly at high intensity.

This exploratory study compared 56 undergraduate paramedic students completing final-term clinical assessments with 15 students completing mock classroom assessments. Hexoskin recorded heart rate, respiratory rate and heart-rate variability; questionnaires and saliva assays supplied separate psychological and biomarker measures. Valid Hexoskin streams were available for 53 participants. The groups were purposefully sampled rather than randomly assigned.

This thesis included two related exercise studies. One used eight healthy adults to evaluate a frequency-domain indicator of oxygen-uptake response kinetics; the other used 15 healthy adults to develop a random-forest oxygen-uptake model from Hexoskin-derived heart-rate and respiratory features. A separate seven-person dataset selected the tree count, and model performance was evaluated with leave-one-participant-out testing.

This study protocol combines interviews and field observation to refine a simulation-preparedness program for emergency physicians, followed by a planned randomized trial. Participants would complete four shift recordings, with randomization after the first two. Hexoskin would measure heart rate and heart-rate variability, while post-shift anxiety would be measured separately with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.

Eight healthy adults completed exercise in heat while wearing firefighter turnout gear under no-cooling, upper-body-cooling and whole-body-cooling conditions. A Hexoskin tank-top measured heart rate, while separate instruments measured core temperature, skin temperature and oxygen consumption. All participants completed three exercise bouts with both cooling systems, whereas none began the third no-cooling bout. Both cooling conditions reduced several measures of strain relative to no cooling, but whole-body cooling showed an additional core-temperature advantage only during the third bout.

This pilot study examined heart-rate variability after visceral osteopathic manipulations directed at pericardial attachments. Sixty-four healthy adults aged 25–35 were assigned to manipulation, simulated-manipulation or no-intervention groups. Hexoskin recorded heart rate, and five-minute segments were analyzed in time and frequency domains over several study visits.

The study combined seven days of longitudinal Hexoskin heart-rate, respiratory and movement data with demographic measures from 43 participants. These inputs were used to estimate cardiopulmonary-exercise-test VO2max. A support-vector-regression model was evaluated with nine-fold cross-validation, and SHAP analysis described the contribution of model inputs.

The study analyzed 304 nights from 47 people with confirmed epilepsy admitted to an inpatient monitoring unit. Hexoskin sleep measures were compared with seizures annotated from video EEG. Six patients with seizures every day or night were excluded, and nights were classified by whether a seizure occurred within 24 hours after awakening.

The study proposed a dynamic symbolic assignment method that converts ECG RR intervals into transition features for classifying normal sinus rhythm and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Machine-learning performance was evaluated with public PhysioNet databases. Hexoskin and a capacitive ECG chair were used separately to demonstrate normal-rhythm transition patterns.

This thesis used motion-capture data from 10 university participants to test LSTM and GRU models for short-term lifting-motion forecasting and prediction of self-reported exertion. Eight participants supplied training data and two supplied test data. Hexoskin heart-rate and breathing-rate measurements were collected but explicitly excluded from the analysis.

Nineteen healthy adults aged 19–55 contributed laboratory or daily-life recordings for a wearable stress-prediction study. Fifteen completed laboratory testing, and eight contributed field recordings. Hexoskin heart-rate data were converted into heart-rate-variability features and paired with self-reported stress ratings for comparison of five regression models.

Eight healthy young adults wore a Hexoskin Smart Shirt during a 45-minute dry-immersion session. The session was used as a ground-based model of weightlessness. ECG-derived heart-rate variability and respiratory rate were analyzed in five-minute segments, with motion during blood-pressure measurement introducing some signal noise.

Researchers developed HRVEST to process Hexoskin ECG from a clinical trial involving 81 emergency physicians and 324 work-shift recordings. The open-source workflow converted files and synchronized metadata. It then divided recordings into five-minute windows, corrected artifacts, classified signal quality and calculated heart-rate-variability measures from a 347 GB dataset.

Forty-two adults with epilepsy wore a Hexoskin connected shirt during simultaneous hospital video-EEG monitoring. An XGBoost pipeline used ECG and accelerometer features to detect 66 focal-to-bilateral tonic-clonic seizures. Respiratory signals were recorded but were not included in the analysis.

The study described a smartphone prototype for individualized activity and overweight-or-obesity risk profiling. It combined Hexoskin activity and vital-sign data with user-reported calorie intake and normalized selected variables using standard limits drawn from best-practice and national guidelines. The resulting weighted score was used to propose daily calorie plans.

This development paper described a smartphone prototype that combined body mass index, user-reported information and averaged Hexoskin heart-rate, breathing, ventilation, cadence and calorie data. Three male project students aged 21–23 initially tested one week of garment collection. The app calculated an overall score and selected activity and dietary plans.

Twenty university students completed a laboratory protocol combining cognitive workload, evaluator presence and light cycling. A Hexoskin smart shirt recorded ECG, respiration and movement, while self-reports and interviews measured perceived stress. Technical issues left ECG available for 16 participants, and only cardiovascular measures were compared statistically.

One attending surgeon wore a Hexoskin Smart Shirt during 25 consecutive elective laparoscopic and endoscopic procedures. Time-stamped ECG-derived heart-rate variability and procedure video were divided into one-, two- and five-minute intervals. Technical events in the laparoscopic procedures were rated with the Operating Room Black Box and Generic Error Rating Tool.

This applied case study followed resonant-frequency breathing training in one 45-year-old elite Olympic Trap shooter. During a simulated competition, Hexoskin respiration and acceleration were synchronized to identify shots and examine breathing between them. The athlete reported that the garment did not affect her shooting.

In a field study, 28 adults experienced virtual reality alone or in pairs while wearing a Hexoskin Smart Garment for heart-rate and movement measurement. The experience included a 30-minute active standing phase and an eight-minute passive seated phase. Questionnaires completed after both phases assessed presence, immersion, flow, anxiety, affect and copresence.

The Canadian Bedrest Study used a two-arm randomized, non-blinded design in 23 healthy adults aged 55–65. Its 26-day schedule included 14 days of six-degree head-down bed rest and seven recovery days; half the participants received prescribed resistance and endurance exercise. Hexoskin recorded ECG, respiration and acceleration during designated 24-hour periods.

The WE SENSE protocol describes a controlled longitudinal trial using wearable sensors around a low-grade influenza-vaccine challenge. The protocol planned to recruit 60 healthy adults, and 58 had enrolled by manuscript review. Astroskin was one of three complementary wearable platforms and the reference device for sleep, electrocardiography, and respiration monitoring. Planned monitoring covered 12 days: 7 days before and 5 days after vaccine administration. Data retrieval and sample analysis were still ongoing at protocol review, so no outcome results were reported.

The WE SENSE protocol describes a controlled longitudinal trial using wearable sensors around a low-grade influenza-vaccine challenge. The protocol planned to recruit 60 healthy adults, and 58 had enrolled by manuscript review. Astroskin was one of three complementary wearable platforms and the reference device for sleep, electrocardiography, and respiration monitoring. Planned monitoring covered 12 days: 7 days before and 5 days after vaccine administration. Data retrieval and sample analysis were still ongoing at protocol review, so no outcome results were reported.

The WE SENSE trial examined whether machine learning could detect within-person physiological and activity changes surrounding a live attenuated influenza vaccine challenge. A secondary binary classifier predicted an individualized systemic-inflammatory state from wearable and symptom data. Night-time and daytime Astroskin/Hexoskin features were evaluated as part of this controlled challenge. The study does not establish diagnosis of naturally acquired respiratory infection.

Three high-volume arthroplasty surgeons were monitored during conventional knee and hip arthroplasty in a prospective cohort study. A Hexoskin Smart Vest recorded cardiorespiratory measures and energy expenditure. Operative-limb laterality was not associated with significant differences in the measured variables for right- or left-handed surgeons. Findings about surgeon position came from this small specialist sample and were judged unlikely to be clinically significant.

This study monitored one surgeon during 40 consecutive unilateral knee arthroplasties, comparing 20 robotic-assisted with 20 conventional procedures. Hexoskin Smart Garments worn under surgical scrubs collected cardiorespiratory and caloric-expenditure measures as physiological-stress surrogates alongside wearable ergonomic measurements. Robotic cases took longer but had lower calorie expenditure per minute and lower mean heart rate. Whether these differences reduce surgeon pain or injury remains unknown.

The study compared one surgeon during 15 robotic-assisted and 15 conventional unicompartmental knee arthroplasties. Hexoskin garments collected cardiorespiratory and caloric-expenditure data beneath surgical scrubs. Robotic cases took longer and used more calories, while HRV, breathing rate and minute ventilation did not differ significantly. The handheld device reduced neck flexion but increased shoulder abduction, so the expected overall ergonomic and physiological advantages were not realized.

This study compared 107 Quebec students in three flexible-seating and three fixed-seating classes. Student mental-health measures were analyzed by gender, and teacher data were summarized by group. Girls in flexible classrooms had lower mean scores across the four reported mental-health indicators, while boys had lower school-problem scores but higher scores on the other measures. Nocturnal heart-rate variability in the 45-student subsample, recorded over two consecutive nights with Hexoskin biometric vests, did not differ between seating groups for either gender. The observational classroom comparison does not establish that seating caused the reported differences.

Twelve runners completed a synchronized incremental treadmill protocol to exhaustion while wearing a Hexoskin smart shirt, RIP sensors and reference spirometry. A custom algorithm filtered and segmented the RIP data to estimate flow reversals and breathing patterns. It identified more than 99% of reference flow reversals, with pooled precision and recall of 0.998 and mean lag of 0.018 s (−0.067, 0.104). Performance was strongest for flow-reversal detection and breathing rate; other breathing-pattern components were less consistent.

Researchers tested real-time, step-adaptive sound guidance for locomotor-respiratory coupling in 16 novice-to-intermediate female runners. Hexoskin tracked respiration and cadence during indoor and outdoor step-rate-feedback runs followed by individualized breathing-cue trials. Guidance increased step-breath synchronization in the sequential within-subject comparison. The acute, nonrandomized proof of concept had no separate no-sound control and did not assess long-term learning or metabolic benefit.

This pediatric cardiology study compared a Hexoskin smart shirt and Corsano CardioWatch with 24-hour Holter ECG. The Hexoskin analysis included 36 children and found mean heart-rate accuracy of 87.4% (SD 11%). Accuracy fell from 94.9% in the first 12 hours to 80.0% in the second 12 hours and declined with greater movement and higher heart rates. A blinded cardiologist classified 31 of 36 Hexoskin rhythm recordings; five were obscured by artifacts or noise. Clinically significant brady- and tachyarrhythmias did not occur, so diagnostic accuracy for those rhythms was not established.

Forty-four young adults completed a relaxation baseline and four laboratory anxiety-eliciting tasks while Hexoskin recorded ECG and an Empatica E4 recorded electrodermal activity and skin temperature. The analysis used baseline-normalized multimodal features and Gaussian mixture models to form two- or three-level physiological response groups without using self-report as the training label. The two-cluster solution had an average silhouette score of 0.40, while the three-cluster solution scored 0.14. With leave-one-participant-out validation, SVM accuracy was 90.9% for binary cluster labels and 73.3% for three-class labels, but the authors note overlap, modest cluster separation, and difficulty distinguishing intermediate levels.

Ten healthy adults enrolled in a protocol with one ramp cycling test and two step-test visits, but only seven had paired step-test data; Hexoskin respiratory bands measured thoracic and abdominal motion. A separate turbine-based metabolic system measured tidal volume, breathing rate, minute ventilation, and gas exchange. Relative compartment contributions during repeated step exercise had ICCs of 0.87 at low, 0.89 at moderate, and 0.93 at heavy intensity. At matched minute ventilation, tidal volume and breathing rate showed no statistically significant difference between ramp and step protocols, although calibration limitations restricted ramp-test compartment comparisons to motion indices rather than absolute volumes.

Nine project-consortium participants completed 11 controlled manual-assembly sessions after a 20-minute rest, with approximately 1.0–1.3 hours of work per session. Hexoskin supplied 1 Hz heart rate and breathing rate, Xsens supplied 100 Hz motion data for posture and RULA scoring, and Borg ratings captured perceived fatigue every 5–6 minutes. The hybrid framework used a data-driven fatigue estimate to calibrate either the theoretical model’s fatigue rate or its work/rest input signal, reducing session-level mean squared error in both approaches. The small cohort, limited repeated sessions, literature-derived membership functions, and access to only two Hexoskin metrics make the findings preliminary rather than evidence of a deployable production-planning system.

Sixteen healthy adults completed paced voluntary breathing at 7.5, 15, 30, 60, and 120 breaths per minute while Hexoskin chest and waist strain gauges recorded thoracic and abdominal movement. Relative phase was near in phase at preferred breathing frequency, with a mean angle of −5.58 ± 12.63°, and the absolute phase angle moved farther from in phase as breathing frequency increased. At 120 breaths per minute, seven participants remained in phase, while two showed thoracic-leading, five abdominal-leading, and two anti-phase patterns. The changes were gradual rather than an abrupt phase transition, and the harmonica task, missing trials, unmeasured respiratory volume, and limited frequency range restrict generalization.

This review examines how ambulatory ECG systems detect abnormal heartbeats and rhythms. It discusses Astroskin as an example of a garment that could combine ECG with movement and breathing signals when investigating motion artifacts.

This single-participant methods study evaluated an automatic algorithm for reducing baseline wander and motion artifacts in ambulatory electrocardiogram recordings. Astroskin and VIVALNK devices recorded lead II ECG and accelerometer signals during daily activities; the methods report one hour per device, while the results later state eight hours of acquisition. The pipeline classified usable 10-second segments, combined ECG-derived noise with accelerometer data, and selected examples showed lower mean squared error across the shown examples and higher correlation in most examples than the comparison algorithms. The findings are preliminary because only the author's data were tested, and the method could not fully reconstruct P and T waves when noise contaminated them.

This randomized laboratory study enrolled 76 varsity athletes and compared deep diaphragmatic breathing with progressive muscle relaxation after a common paced-breathing phase. Fitted Hexoskin Biometric Shirts captured ECG, respiration rate, tidal volume, heart rate, and RR intervals across baseline, intervention, and a later cognitive stress task. During the intervention, diaphragmatic breathing produced lower respiration rate, higher tidal volume, lower heart rate, and higher heart rate variability than progressive muscle relaxation; compared with paced breathing, it changed respiration rate and tidal volume but not heart rate or heart rate variability. The group differences did not persist during the cognitive challenge, and interpretation is limited by the absence of an inactive control, the single-session design, baseline heart rate variability imbalance, and unmatched breathing rates.

This randomized study assigned 48 University of Pennsylvania undergraduates to video-guided mindful breathing or diaphragmatic breathing. Hexoskin recordings provided respiration rate, tidal volume, continuous ECG, RR intervals, and SDNN heart rate variability at baseline, during the intervention, and at a one-week follow-up. Both groups reduced respiration rate and increased tidal volume, but only the diaphragmatic-breathing group showed significant heart rate variability increases during the video and at follow-up. Seven participants did not return, technical failures caused missing data, and the small selective sample and brief intervention limit generalizability.

This master's thesis developed the Boracle Middleman mobile application to collect, standardize, and store data from wearable devices. Hexoskin served as the direct Bluetooth Low Energy testbed on Android, streaming heart rate, respiration rate, step count, activity level, and cadence to local logs and a Firebase-backed pipeline. Tests covered 1-, 5-, and 15-minute sessions and separate five-minute sitting, walking, and jogging trials; log, local, and Firebase records matched, with no data loss observed. The work validates prototype data transport and storage under controlled developer testing, without a clinical cohort, physiological-accuracy comparison, completed iOS Hexoskin integration, or long-duration field validation.

This single-blind crossover study analyzed 38 adults with sleep difficulty or insomnia disorder after one of 39 enrolled participants withdrew at baseline. Participants completed a two-day baseline and two seven-night home intervention periods using warming and sham eye masks, with separate portable EEG and iButton skin-temperature measurements and Hexoskin ECG-derived heart rate variability. Warming shortened objective sleep-onset latency relative to sham, while foot-proximal temperature gradient and normalized high-frequency heart rate variability increased relative to baseline. Foot-proximal temperature gradient was associated with objective sleep-onset latency, but the regression explained only 4.6% of its variance and did not retain the heart rate variability measures. The 8.5-minute reduction was below the cited 10-minute clinical-significance threshold, and interpretation is limited by the single-blind home design, portable EEG definition, and Kao Corporation funding.

This master’s thesis compared Hexoskin with a Cosmed reference system during treadmill exercise in healthy, physically active adults. The maximal exercise analysis included 28 participants, and 27 contributed to the submaximal analysis. During maximal exercise, heart rate and respiratory rate correlated strongly with the reference, while estimated ventilation correlated weakly.

Olschewski reanalysed a dataset from ten healthy adults to compare machine-learning approaches for estimating energy expenditure. One feature configuration, labelled “Hexoskin,” combined waist acceleration, heart rate, breathing frequency, and minute ventilation measured in the underlying multi-device dataset. Random Forest performed best for that configuration when testing on a held-out participant, while a multilayer perceptron performed best when testing on a held-out task. The thesis explores a sensor configuration rather than establishing the accuracy of recordings from a Hexoskin garment, and its limited tuning and preprocessing choices constrain interpretation.

Fatisson investigated changes in heart rate variability around a pericardial osteopathic protocol in healthy adults. The study compared an intervention group with placebo and no-touch groups over four weekly appointments. Hexoskin recorded ECG-derived data for analysis in Kubios-HRV, alongside quality-of-life and mood questionnaires. Exploratory subgroup findings varied with initial LF/HF levels and do not establish a clinical treatment benefit.

Pion-Massicotte and colleagues developed a sleep-classification algorithm using ECG, respiratory movement, and accelerometry recorded with Hexoskin. Young healthy adults were monitored for two consecutive nights in a sleep laboratory alongside polysomnography. The corrected algorithm was evaluated on 35 recordings and achieved 77.4% agreement for wake, NREM, and REM classification. The study supports further investigation in healthy young sleepers; participant counts differ between the abstract and Methods, and the results should not be extrapolated to sleep disorders.

Jain and colleagues developed a virtual-reality airway-training system that combined physical airway models and procedural sensors with a Hexoskin vest. Ten subjects took part in positional calibration, and seven clinicians evaluated realism and usability. The paper reports calibration and survey results but gives no physiological measurements from the vest.

Priyanka and colleagues studied how dust exposure varies across construction activities and materials in a laboratory chamber. Optical particle counters measured PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 at two heights, while Hexoskin supplied inhalation-rate data for a hypothetical worker risk assessment. The results informed proposed locations for dust-control measures based on the activity and the areas of highest exposure. Field testing and assessment before and after installing those controls remain future work.

Emergency-department clinicians wore Hexoskin before, during, and after a simulated clinical event in a randomized comparison of blue and fluorescent debriefing light. The available thesis evidence reports a simulation-related stress response but no statistically significant difference between lighting groups in stress level or recovery duration.

Researchers compared wearable respiratory monitors against six criteria for measuring how people inhale outside the laboratory. Hexoskin ranked highest among the devices reviewed. Even so, none met all six criteria without modification.

Ten adult tobacco users enrolled in a three-day study of cigarette or hookah use in daily life. The researchers calibrated Hexoskin respiratory bands against a spirometer each day. Seven participants completed the study, yielding 4,733 breathing cycles for analysis of inhaled volume, flow and timing.

Researchers tested Hexoskin and two other wearable respiratory monitors on a mechanical chest simulator. Over five repeated trials, the Hexoskin abdominal band produced the most linear response to chest expansion. Its signal also showed virtually no decay during simulated breath holds.

Researchers illustrated a proposed framework for assessing astronaut countermeasures with data from 90 firefighter students in cold-stress training. The students wore Hexoskin shirts; Astroskin Bio-Monitor was discussed as a possible spaceflight application.

In a 12-day influenza-challenge study, 55 healthy adults wore Hexoskin or Astroskin garments during repeated three-minute stair tests and two-minute recoveries. A model using heart-rate variability during recovery predicted a blood-biomarker immune-response score with an area under the ROC curve of 0.73. Models based on measurements taken during activity performed less well.

This master’s thesis tested whether a classifier using Hexoskin recordings could distinguish wakefulness, non-REM sleep and REM sleep against polysomnography. Twenty-one healthy young adults participated in a two-night protocol; excluding one participant’s recordings left 40 nights for analysis. The best corrected classifier reached mean agreement of 77.54%, with a mean kappa of 0.54.

Robillard and colleagues described Astroskin’s design for monitoring physiology outside the laboratory. During the XPAntarctik expedition, four users wore the garment for a reported total of 27 days. Power constraints limited recording to selected times.

Twenty-five emergency medicine residents wore Hexoskin during clinical simulations. Researchers calculated heart-rate variability from the ECG and compared the residents’ responses with difficulty ratings from five experts. The experts rated scenario difficulty consistently, but their ratings did not predict the residents’ physiological responses.

Twenty-seven emergency medicine residents wore Hexoskin during six simulated encounters involving medical difficulty, equipment failure or interpersonal conflict. Residents reported different levels of distress depending on the stressor. Heart-rate variability fell from resting levels with all three stressors, but the differences between stressors were not significant.

Ten volunteers wore Hexoskin while swallowing water, custard, apple, bread, and saliva so that thoracic and abdominal respiratory signals could be compared with video-annotated swallow timing. Swallows after food intake were distinguishable from normal breathing, but the study did not identify a universal respiratory pattern that separated all food structures.

Eighteen professional caregivers performed transfer tasks using a wheelchair and a transfer-support robot while Hexoskin recorded ECG and respiration. After robot-assisted transfers, caregivers had lower heart rates and reported less physical stress. Heart-rate variability and cardiorespiratory coherence were generally higher with the robot.

The methods and results describe two surgeons who wore Hexoskin during 76 consecutive hip and knee replacements. The researchers compared physiological demand across the two operations. Hip replacement was associated with higher surgeon heart rate, minute ventilation and energy expenditure per unit time than knee replacement.

Two surgeons wore Hexoskin during 70 primary and revision joint replacements. Revision procedures took longer and were associated with higher surgeon heart rate, stress index and energy expenditure. Heart-rate variability was lower during revisions than during primary procedures.

Researchers used Hexoskin as the respiratory reference for a smartphone system designed to track breathing and progress in mindfulness practice. The smartphone’s respiration estimate differed from the reference by an average absolute error of 1.6 breaths per minute. In a separate analysis, classifiers of mindfulness skill achieved F1 scores of 80% to 84%.

Fifty pre-service firefighters completed baseline and simulated search-and-rescue monitoring with Hexoskin after six additional recruits lost data to garment or battery problems. Women showed higher SDNN and lower mean heart rate than men, but the small female subgroup limits interpretation of the reported sex differences.

Nineteen male university esports players enrolled in a study of physiological responses during League of Legends or Overwatch sessions lasting 1.5 to 2.5 hours. Seventeen provided usable Hexoskin recordings. Heart rate, breathing rate and minute ventilation changed significantly from rest; in League of Legends, the winning team had higher values than the losing team.

Researchers used surface ECG and respiratory recordings from three dogs wearing Hexoskin to develop and test a neuromorphic pacemaker model. The hardware reproduced the target cardiac timing with an average oscillation period of 556 milliseconds. Its pacing also varied with respiratory phase.

Researchers tested an algorithm that estimates respiration from ECG using a public benchmark recorded with Hexoskin Hx1 in 13 people. They tested real-time operation separately in five people using a different sensor. On the Hexoskin benchmark, the mean absolute error was 3.66 breaths per minute and the mean absolute percentage error was 23.69%.

Nine junior and 11 professional biathletes wore Hexoskin during roller-ski shooting sessions under increasing physical load. Breathing-pattern stability predicted prone shooting accuracy, while an inhaled pattern at shot release was associated with lower standing accuracy, particularly among junior athletes.

Four adults took part in a rotating-chair motion-sickness experiment on the ground. Researchers compared Astroskin heart and breathing rates with a Flexcomp system and its blood-pressure estimates with Finapres finger measurements.

One surgeon wore Hexoskin during 185 primary total knee replacements. A higher radiographic knee-girth ratio predicted higher surgeon heart rate, total energy expenditure and energy expenditure per minute. Patient body mass index did not correlate with the surgeon’s energy consumption.

Researchers tested whether breathing patterns recorded with a Hexoskin shirt could distinguish seizures from periods between seizures. An epilepsy specialist used video EEG to mark seizure onset and offset without seeing the shirt data. Across 67 seizures in 13 patients, both breathing rate and minute ventilation differed between seizure and nonseizure periods (p < 0.01).

One patient who later died from sudden unexpected death in epilepsy and two living controls wore Hexoskin during epilepsy monitoring. Weeks before the death, one seizure was followed by prolonged shallow breathing and a slow heart rate; most other recorded seizures were unremarkable. Separate heart-rate-variability analyses used the video-EEG system.

Twelve aircraft ground-deicing technicians wore Hexoskin during open-basket field work. The shirt updated heart rate every second, and 11 operators provided data suitable for analysis. Heart-rate-reserve and age-adjusted thresholds classified strain as excessive more often than the working-heart-rate method.